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Restaurant "Gallery" - Veliky Novgorod, Russia |
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Theophanes the Greek
Theophanes the Greek - Biography of the largest master of the Middle Ages. The work, done by him in Byzantium, unfortunately did not survive. His most famous works he created on Russian soil. Thanks to him, the Russian people learned about the highest achievements of the spiritual culture of Byzantium, which at the time experienced the last takeoff ...
Theophanes the Greek (circa 1340 - circa 1410) is a great Byzantine and Russian master of monumental fresco paintings, a miniaturist and icon painter. The artist's works are closely related to the art of the era in which he worked.
About his life, almost nothing is known. On the Russian land, Theophanes appeared as a mature man and a famous artist. Prior to his arrival in Veliky Novgorod, he painted quite a few churches in Constantinople, Chalcedon, Cafe, Galata, hence we can assume that he was born around the 30s of the XIV century and that as a personality he was formed in the middle of the XIV century.
In the time of Feofan's creative maturity, orthodox mysticism, an ascetic way of life and ascetic literature developed everywhere. Therefore Theophanes, like the most outstanding Byzantine philosophers, was great in that the artistic images created by him express the desire for the ideal and at the same time, the unattainability of this ideality.
The first work done by Theophanes the Greek on Russian soil was the frescoes of one of the remarkable churches of Veliky Novgorod, the Church of the Transfiguration of the Savior (1378).
Approximately from 1390 he was in Moscow and not long in Kolomna, where he could paint the Assumption Cathedral, which was later completely rebuilt. By the way, in this cathedral, the famous Russian relic - the icon "Our Lady of the Don" was kept, and on the back of the "Assumption", later it was transferred to the Annunciation Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin.
In 1395, the master makes several murals in the Church of the Nativity of the Virgin with a chapel of St. Lazarus in the Moscow Kremlin, where he worked together with Simeon the Black. Together with Prokhor from Gorodets and Andrei Rublev, he painted the Archangel Cathedral in 1399 and Blagoveshchensky in 1405. In the Kremlin, the artist participated in the painting of Terem Vasily I and the treasury of Prince Vladimir Andreevich.
All these works have not survived to the present day.
The only testimony of Feofan the Greek is a letter from the spiritual writer Epiphany the Wise, Tver Hegumen Cyril, written about 1415, which mentions that the master painted more than 40 churches: in Chalcedon and in Constantinople, in Cafe and Galata, Nizhny Novgorod and the Great Novgorod.
Feofan is a wandering artist, moving from one city to another and from country to country. Epiphanius the Wise met many times and talked with the master, even when Feofan had already left Novgorod and was in Moscow. The artist struck Epiphany with an active and deep mind.
The image of the Byzantine master, quite unlike the image of the traditional pious icon painter, who does his godly work in a dark cell and exists exclusively with his craft. Theophane is an interesting conversationalist and a temperamental person. He is a layman and in his studio there are always endless philosophical conversations.
As a representative of the art of the Paleologic era, Theophanes the Greek confirmed in Russia the "correct" drawing and chiaroscuro. As a Byzantine, Theophanes in his paintings gives preference to tragic pathos. After all, for a typical Byzantine icon, is an image of the living flesh of man, illuminated by the brilliance of heavenly grace. This can be seen in the number of muted colors, dark green, dark blue, purple. Reflexes, spaces, bright patches of light fall on dense tones.
The abundance of gold is a characteristic feature of the iconography of Byzantium.
Like the eternal questions of existence and death, expressing his art, it itself has true value. As for his contemporaries, Theophanes the Greek will forever remain for us, now living, the "glorious sage", and for the icon painters "an excellent painter."
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